transmission

Migrating cells are guided in complex environments mainly by chemotaxis or structural cues presented by the surrounding tissue.

Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum is a major cause of global infant mortality, and there is currently no licensed vaccine that provides protection against infection or disease.

Although the spread of drug resistance and the influence of climate change on malaria are most often considered separately, these factors have the potential to interact through altered levels of transmission intensity.

After more than a century of development and control, P. vivax remains more widely distributed than P. falciparum and is a potential cause of morbidity and mortality amongst the 2.85 billion people living at risk of infection, the majority of whom are in the tropical belt of CSE Asia.

Different kinds of heterogeneity both have different effects and affect different outcomes. Patterns of co-variation are also important.