infants

IPTi due to low coverage, late administration, drug resistance, decreased malaria transmission or improvements in vector control and case management.

Efficacy of AL in uncomplicated falciparum malaria is similar across body weight dosing groups as currently recommended in the label with no clinically relevant differences in safety or tolerability.

In summary, elevated levels of proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines and chemokines were generated in infants during and after acute malaria tropica.

Intermittent preventive treatment of infants (IPTi) with sulphadoxine pyrimethamine (SP) is recommended as an additional malaria control intervention in high transmission areas of sub-Saharan Africa, provided its protective efficacy is not compromised by SP resistance.

Several studies have shown the efficacy of the intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) using sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine (SP) coupled with the expanded program of immunization (EPI) in infants.

The RTS,S/AS02D malaria vaccine administered to young infants has a good safety profile and remains efficacious over 14 months.

IPTi-SP appears to have no impact on the multiplicity of infection during infancy and thereafter. This suggests that tolerance of multiple infections, a component of protective immunity in highly endemic areas, is not affected by this intervention.

Infants and other vulnerable groups were most likely to sleep under the most protective nets. Nevertheless, more communication efforts are needed to increase use of intact ITNs within households for children.

Health workers' medication adherence was good. However, a significant lower medication adherence was observed for consumers' adherence in the outpatient setting.

IPTi delivered alongside the EPI is a highly cost effective intervention against clinical malaria with a range of drugs in a range of malaria transmission settings. Where IPTi did not have a statistically significant impact on malaria, generally in low transmission sites, it was not cost effective.