Sudan

This is probably the first report showing genotypically Duffy-negative people who carry both FY*BES and FY*AES.

The main outcomes were the proportions of facilities with ACTs and malaria diagnostics; proportions of health workers exposed to malaria related health systems support activities; and composite and individual indicators of case-management practices for febrile outpatients stratified by age, availability of ACTs and diagnostics, use of malaria diagnostics, and test result.

Molecular markers for surveillance of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to current antimalarials are sorely needed.

Thus, the high levels of both IFN-γ and IL-10 indicated their role in the pathogenesis of severe P. falciparum malaria.

Placental malaria was associated with pre-eclampsia. Further research is needed.

Across the northern states of the Sudan, the period prevalence of fever is low.

More care should be taken to ensure proper nutrition and malaria prevention such as bed nets and intermittent preventive treatments to avoid these diseases and their effects on maternal and perinatal outcomes.

PCR has proven to be one of the most specific and sensitive diagnostic methods, particularly for malaria cases with low parasitaemia.

The results of the study demonstrate the generally low malaria transmission in the state of Gezira and the presence of spatial and space-time clusters concentrated around a specific area in the south of the state.